The structure of the control network of transnational corporations affects global market competition and financial stability. So far, only small national samples were studied and there was no appropriate methodology to assess control globally. We present the first investigation of the architecture of the international ownership network, along with the computation of the control held by each global player. We find that transnational corporations form a giant bow-tie structure and that a large portion of control flows to a small tightly-knit core of financial institutions.This core can be seen as an economic “super-entity” that raises new important issues both for researchers and policy makers.
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The Top 50 Control Holders*
BARCLAYS PLC (GB)
THE CAPITAL GROUP COMPANIES INC (US)
FMR CORP (US)
AXA (FR)
STATE STREET CORPORATION (US)
JPMORGAN CHASE & CO. (US)
LEGAL & GENERAL GROUP PLC (GB)
THE VANGUARD GROUP, INC. (US)
UBS AG (CH)
MERRILL LYNCH & CO., INC. (US)
WELLINGTON MANAGEMENT CO. L.L.P. (US)
DEUTSCHE BANK AG (DE)
FRANKLIN RESOURCES, INC. (US)
CREDIT SUISSE GROUP (CH)
WALTON ENTERPRISES LLC (US)
BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON CORP. (US)
NATIXIS (FR)
THE GOLDMAN SACHS GROUP, INC. (US)
T. ROWE PRICE GROUP, INC. (US)
LEGG MASON, INC. (US)
MORGAN STANLEY (US)
MITSUBISHI UFJ FINANCIAL GROUP, INC. (JP)
NORTHERN TRUST CORPORATION (US)
SOCIÉTÉ GÉNÉRALE (FR)
BANK OF AMERICA CORPORATION (US)
LLOYDS TSB GROUP PLC (GB)
INVESCO PLC (GB)
ALLIANZ SE (DE)
TIAA (US)
OLD MUTUAL PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY (GB)
AVIVA PLC (GB)
SCHRODERS PLC (GB)
DODGE & COX (US)
LEHMAN BROTHERS HOLDINGS, INC. (US)
SUN LIFE FINANCIAL, INC. (CA)
STANDARD LIFE PLC (GB)
CNCE (FR)
NOMURA HOLDINGS, INC. (JP)
THE DEPOSITORY TRUST COMPANY (US)
MASSACHUSETTS MUTUAL LIFE INSUR. (US)
ING GROEP N.V. (NL)
BRANDES INVESTMENT PARTNERS, L.P. (US)
UNICREDITO ITALIANO SPA (IT)
DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION OF JP (JP)
VERENIGING AEGON (NL)
BNP PARIBAS (FR)
AFFILIATED MANAGERS GROUP, INC. (US)
RESONA HOLDINGS, INC. (JP)
CAPITAL GROUP INTERNATIONAL, INC.(US)
CHINA PETROCHEMICAL GROUP CO. (CN)
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